.ig
. manual page for NEW top
. Copyright (c) 2002, by:      JC Warner & Associates, Ltd.
.
. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
. under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
. any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
. with no Front-Cover Texts, no Back-Cover Texts, and with the following
. Invariant Sections (and any sub-sections therein):
.   all .ig sections, including this one
.   STUPID TRICKS Sampler
.   AUTHOR
.
. A copy of the Free Documentation License is included in the section
. entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
.
. [ that section is found near the end of this document & ]
. [ can be made printable by disabling the .ig directive! ]
.
..
.\" Setup ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
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.nr half_xtra 4
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\#                      Our darn Bullet style ----------------------------
.de Jbu
.IP "-" 3
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\#                      New features/differences style -------------------
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\#                      Commonly used strings (for consistency) ----------
\#                          - a real em-dash, darn-it
.ds EM \ \fB\-\-\ \fR
\#                          - these two are for chuckles, makes great grammar
.ds Me top
.ds ME \fBtop\fR
\#                          - other misc strings for consistent usage/emphasis
.ds F \fIOff\fR
.ds O \fIOn\fR
.
.ds AM alternate\-display mode
.ds AS asterisk ('*')
.ds CF configuration file
.ds CI interactive command
.ds CO command\-line option
.ds CW \'current' window
.ds FM full\-screen mode
.ds MP \fBphysical\fR memory
.ds MS \fBshared\fR memory
.ds MV \fBvirtual\fR memory
.ds NT \fBNote\fR:
.ds PU CPU
.ds Pu cpu
.ds SA summary area
.ds TA task area
.ds TD task display
.ds TW task window
\#                          - xref's that depend on commands or topic names
.ds XC See the
.ds Xc see the
.ds XT See topic
.ds Xt see topic
.
.\" //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.TH TOP 1 "September 2002" "Linux" "Linux User's Manual"
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------


.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.SH NAME
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
top \- display Linux tasks


.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.SH SYNOPSIS
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\*(ME \-\fBhv\fR | \-\fBabcHimMsS\fR \-\fBd\fI delay\fR \-\fBn\fI
iterations\fR \-\fBp\fI pid\fR [,\fI pid\fR ...]

The traditional switches '-' and whitespace are optional.


.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.SH DESCRIPTION
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
The \*(ME program provides a dynamic real-time view of a running system.
It can display\fB system\fR summary information as well as a list of\fB
tasks\fR currently being managed by the Linux kernel.
The types of system summary information shown and the types, order and
size of information displayed for tasks are all user configurable and
that configuration can be made persistent across restarts.

The program provides a limited interactive interface for process
manipulation as well as a much more extensive interface for personal
configuration \*(EM encompassing every aspect of its operation.
And while \*(ME is referred to throughout this document, you are free
to name the program anything you wish.
That new name, possibly an alias, will then be reflected on \*(Me's display
and used when reading and writing a \*(CF.


.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.SH OVERVIEW
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.\" ......................................................................
.SS Documentation
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
The remaining Table of Contents
    1. COMMAND\-LINE Options
    2. FIELDS / Columns
       a. DESCRIPTIONS of Fields
       b. SELECTING and ORDERING Columns
    3. INTERACTIVE Commands
       a. GLOBAL Commands
       b. SUMMARY Area Commands
       c. TASK Area Commands
       d. COLOR Mapping
    4. ALTERNATE\-DISPLAY Mode
       a. WINDOWS Overview
       b. COMMANDS for Windows
    5. FILES
       a. SYSTEM Configuration File
       b. PERSONAL Configuration File
    6. STUPID TRICKS Sampler
       a. Kernel Magic
       b. Bouncing Windows
       c. The Big Bird Window
    7. BUGS, 8. HISTORY Former top, 9. AUTHOR, 10. SEE ALSO

.\" ......................................................................
.SS Operation
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
When operating \*(Me, the two most important keys are help ('h' or '?') and
quit ('q') key.
Alternatively, you could simply use the traditional interrupt key ('^C')
when you're done.

When you start \*(Me for the first time, you'll be presented with the
traditional screen elements: 1) Summary Area; 2) Message/Prompt Line;
3) Columns Header; 4) Task Area.
There will, however, be some differences when compared to the former top.

.TP 3
.B Highlighting
.I Summary_Area\fR:
There is no highlighting for load/uptime and only values are highlighted for
other elements.

.I Task_Area\fR:
Tasks running (or ready to run) will be highlighted, and bold is only one way
of emphasizing such processes.

.TP 3
.B Content/Labels
.I Summary_Area\fR:
The program name is shown, perhaps a symlink or alias.
The Cpu(s) state label hints at other possibilities.
The memory stats use a lower case 'k'.

.I Columns_Header\fR:
Will show a new field and some changed labels.
More new fields will be found as you customize your \*(Me.

.PP
\*(NT the width of \*(Me's display will be limited to 512 positions.
Displaying all fields requires a minimum of 160 characters.
The remaining width could be used for the 'Command' column.

.\" ......................................................................
.SS Startup Defaults
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
The following startup defaults assume no \*(CF, thus no user customizations.
Even so, items shown with an \*(AS could be overridden through the
command-line.

    \fIGlobal_defaults\fR
       'A' - Alt display      Off (full-screen)
     * 'd' - Delay time       3.0 seconds
       'I' - Irix mode        On\ \ (no, 'solaris' smp)
     * 'p' - PID monitoring   Off
     * 's' - Secure mode      Off (unsecured)
       'B' - Bold disable     Off
    \fISummary_Area_defaults\fR
       'l' - Load Avg/Uptime  On\ \ (thus program name)
       't' - Task/Cpu states  On\ \ (1+1 lines, see '1')
       'm' - Mem/Swap usage   On\ \ (2 lines worth)
       '1' - Single Cpu       On\ \ (thus 1 line if smp)
    \fITask_Area_defaults\fR
       'b' - Bold hilite      On\ \ (not 'reverse')
     * 'c' - Command line     Off (name, not cmdline)
     * 'H' - Threads          Off\ (show all threads)
     * 'i' - Idle tasks       On\ \ (show all tasks)
       'R' - Reverse sort     On\ \ (pids high-to-low)
     * 'S' - Cumulative time  Off (no, dead children)
       'x' - Column hilite    Off\ (no, sort field)
       'y' - Row hilite       On\ \ (yes, running tasks)
       'z' - color/mono       Off\ (no, colors)


.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.SH 1. COMMAND-LINE Options
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
The command-line syntax for \*(Me consists of:

     \-\fBhv\fR\ |\ -\fBabcHimMsS\fR\ \-\fBd\fI\ delay\fR\ \-\fBn\fI\ iterations\
\fR\ \-\fBp\fI\ pid\fR\ [,\fIpid\fR...]

The typically mandatory switches ('-') and even whitespace are completely
optional.

.TP 5
\-\fBa\fR :\fB Sort by memory usage\fR
This switch makes \*(Me to sort the processes by allocated memory

.TP 5
\-\fBb\fR :\fB Batch mode\fR operation
Starts \*(Me in 'Batch mode', which could be useful for sending output
from \*(Me to other programs or to a file.
In this mode, \*(Me will not accept input and runs until the iterations
limit you've set with the '-n' \*(CO or until killed.

.TP 5
\-\fBc\fR :\fB Command line/Program name\fR toggle
Starts \*(Me with the last remembered 'c' state reversed.
Thus, if \*(Me was displaying command lines, now that field will show program
names, and visa versa.
\*(XC 'c' \*(CI for additional information.

.TP 5
\-\fBd\fR :\fB Delay time\fR interval as:\ \ \fB-d ss.tt\fR (\fIseconds\fR.\fItenths\fR)
Specifies the delay between screen updates, and overrides the corresponding
value in one's personal \*(CF or the startup default.
Later this can be changed with the 'd' or 's' \*(CIs.

Fractional seconds are honored, but a negative number is not allowed.
In all cases, however, such changes are prohibited if \*(Me is running
in 'Secure mode', except for root (unless the 's' \*(CO was used).
For additional information on 'Secure mode' \*(Xt 5a. SYSTEM Configuration File.

.TP 5
\-\fBh\fR :\fB Help\fR
Show library version and the usage prompt, then quit.

.TP 5
\-\fBH\fR :\fB Threads\fR toggle
Starts \*(Me with the last remembered 'H' state reversed.
When this toggle is \*O, all individual threads will be displayed.  Otherwise, \*(Me displays a summation of all threads in a process.

.TP 5
\-\fBi\fR :\fB Idle Processes\fR toggle
Starts \*(Me with the last remembered 'i' state reversed.
When this toggle is \*F, tasks that are idled or zombied will not be displayed.

.TP 5
\-\fBm\fR :\fB VIRT/USED\fR toggle
Reports USED (sum of process rss and swap total count) instead of VIRT

.TP 5
\-\fBM\fR :\fB Detect memory units\fR
Show memory units (k/M/G) and display floating point values in the memory
summary.

.TP 5
\-\fBn\fR :\fB Number of iterations\fR limit as:\fB\ \ -n number\fR
Specifies the maximum number of iterations, or frames, \*(Me should
produce before ending.

.TP 5
\-\fBp\fR :\fB Monitor PIDs\fR as:\fB\ \ -pN1 -pN2 ...\fR\ \ or\fB\ \ -pN1, N2 [,...]
Monitor only processes with specified process IDs.
This option can be given up to 20 times, or you can provide a comma delimited
list with up to 20 pids.
Co-mingling both approaches is permitted.

This is a \*(CO only.
And should you wish to return to normal operation, it is not necessary
to quit and and restart \*(Me \*(EM just issue the '=' \*(CI.

.TP 5
\-\fBs\fR :\fB Secure mode\fR operation
Starts \*(Me with secure mode forced, even for root.
This mode is far better controlled through the system \*(CF
(\*(Xt 5. FILES).

.TP 5
\-\fBS\fR :\fB Cumulative time mode\fR toggle
Starts \*(Me with the last remembered 'S' state reversed.
When 'Cumulative mode' is \*O, each process is listed with the \*(Pu
time that it and its dead children have used.
\*(XC 'S' \*(CI for additional information regarding this mode.

.TP 5
\-\fBu\fR :\fB Monitor by user\fR as:\fB\ \ -u somebody
Monitor only processes with an effective UID or user name
matching that given.

.TP 5
\-\fBU\fR :\fB Monitor by user\fR as:\fB\ \ -U somebody
Monitor only processes with a UID or user name matching that given.
This matches real, effective, saved, and filesystem UIDs.

.TP 5
\-\fBv\fR :\fB Version\fR
Show library version and the usage prompt, then quit.

.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.SH 2. FIELDS / Columns
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.\" ......................................................................
.SS 2a. DESCRIPTIONS of Fields
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Listed below are \*(Me's available fields.
They are always associated with the letter shown, regardless of the position
you may have established for them with the 'o' (Order fields) \*(CI.

Any field is selectable as the sort field, and you control whether they
are sorted high-to-low or low-to-high.
For additional information on sort provisions \*(Xt 3c. TASK Area Commands.

.TP 3
a:\fB PID\fR \*(EM Process Id\fR
The task's unique process ID, which periodically wraps,
though never restarting at zero.

.TP 3
b:\fB PPID\fR \*(EM Parent Process Pid\fR
The process ID of a task's parent.

.TP 3
c:\fB RUSER\fR \*(EM Real User Name\fR
The real user name of the task's owner.

.TP 3
d:\fB UID\fR \*(EM User Id\fR
The effective user ID of the task's owner.

.TP 3
e:\fB USER\fR \*(EM User Name\fR
The effective user name of the task's owner.

.TP 3
f:\fB GROUP\fR \*(EM Group Name\fR
The effective group name of the task's owner.

.TP 3
g:\fB TTY\fR \*(EM Controlling Tty
The name of the controlling terminal.
This is usually the device (serial port, pty, etc.) from which the
process was started, and which it uses for input or output.
However, a task need not be associated with a terminal, in which case
you'll see '?' displayed.

.TP 3
h:\fB PR\fR \*(EM Priority
The priority of the task.

.TP 3
i:\fB NI\fR \*(EM Nice value
The nice value of the task.
A negative nice value means higher priority, whereas a positive nice value
means lower priority.
Zero in this field simply means priority will not be adjusted in determining a
task's dispatchability.

.TP 3
j:\fB P\fR \*(EM Last used \*(PU (SMP)
A number representing the last used processor.
In a true SMP environment this will likely change frequently since the kernel
intentionally uses weak affinity.
Also, the very act of running \*(Me may break this weak affinity and cause more
processes to change \*(PUs more often (because of the extra demand for
\*(Pu time).

.TP 3
k:\fB %CPU\fR \*(EM \*(PU usage
The task's share of the elapsed \*(PU time since the last screen update,
expressed as a percentage of total \*(PU time.
In a true SMP environment, if 'Irix mode' is \*F, \*(Me will operate
in 'Solaris mode' where a task's \*(Pu usage will be divided by the total
number of \*(PUs.
You toggle 'Irix/Solaris' modes with the 'I' \*(CI.

.TP 3
l:\fB TIME\fR \*(EM \*(PU Time
Total \*(PU time the task has used since it started.
When 'Cumulative mode' is \*O, each process is listed with the \*(Pu
time that it and its dead children has used.
You toggle 'Cumulative mode' with 'S', which is a \*(CO and an \*(CI.
\*(XC 'S' \*(CI for additional information regarding this mode.

.TP 3
m:\fB TIME+\fR \*(EM \*(PU Time, hundredths
The same as 'TIME', but reflecting more granularity through hundredths of
a second.

.TP 3
n:\fB %MEM\fR \*(EM Memory usage (RES)
A task's currently used share of available \*(MP.

.TP 3
o:\fB VIRT\fR \*(EM Virtual Image (kb)
The total amount of \*(MV used by the task.
It includes all code, data and shared libraries plus pages that have been
swapped out. (Note: you can define the STATSIZE=1 environment variable and the VIRT
will be calculated from the /proc/#/state VmSize field.)

.TP 3
p:\fB SWAP\fR \*(EM Swapped size (kb)
Per-process swap values are now taken from /proc/#/status VmSwap field.

.TP 3
q:\fB RES\fR \*(EM Resident size (kb)
The non-swapped \*(MP a task is using.

.TP 3
r:\fB CODE\fR \*(EM Code size (kb)
The amount of \*(MP devoted to executable code, also known as
the 'text resident set' size or TRS.

.TP 3
s:\fB DATA\fR \*(EM Data+Stack size (kb)
The amount of \*(MP devoted to other than executable code, also known as
the 'data resident set' size or DRS.

.TP 3
t:\fB SHR\fR \*(EM Shared Mem size (kb)
The amount of \*(MS used by a task.
It simply reflects memory that could be potentially shared with
other processes.

.TP 3
u:\fB nFLT\fR \*(EM Page Fault count
The number of\fB major\fR page faults that have occurred for a task.
A page fault occurs when a process attempts to read from or write to a virtual
page that is not currently present in its address space.
A major page fault is when disk access is involved in making that
page available.

.TP 3
v:\fB nDRT\fR \*(EM Dirty Pages count
The number of pages that have been modified since they were last
written to disk.
Dirty pages must be written to disk before the corresponding physical memory
location can be used for some other virtual page.

.TP 3
w:\fB S\fR \*(EM Process Status
The status of the task which can be one of:
   '\fBD\fR' = uninterruptible sleep
   '\fBR\fR' = running
   '\fBS\fR' = sleeping
   '\fBT\fR' = traced or stopped
   '\fBZ\fR' = zombie

Tasks shown as running should be more properly thought of as 'ready to run'
\*(EM their task_struct is simply represented on the Linux run-queue.
Even without a true SMP machine, you may see numerous tasks in this state
depending on \*(Me's delay interval and nice value.

.TP 3
x:\fB Command\fR \*(EM Command\fB line\fR or Program\fB name\fR
Display the command line used to start a task or the name of the associated
program.
You toggle between command\fI line\fR and\fI name\fR with 'c', which is both
a \*(CO and an \*(CI.

When you've chosen to display command lines, processes without a command
line (like kernel threads) will be shown with only the program name in
parentheses, as in this example:
      \fR( mdrecoveryd )

Either form of display is subject to potential truncation if it's too long to
fit in this field's current width.
That width depends upon other fields selected, their order and the current
screen width.

\*(NT The 'Command' field/column is unique, in that it is not fixed-width.
When displayed, this column will be allocated all remaining screen width (up
to the maximum 512 characters) to provide for the potential growth of program
names into command lines.

.TP 3
y:\fB WCHAN\fR \*(EM Sleeping in Function
Depending on the availability of the kernel link map ('System.map'), this field
will show the name or the address of the kernel function in which the task is
currently sleeping.
Running tasks will display a dash ('-') in this column.

\*(NT By displaying this field, \*(Me's own working set will be increased by
over 700Kb.
Your only means of reducing that overhead will be to stop and restart \*(Me.

.TP 3
z:\fB Flags\fR \*(EM Task Flags
This column represents the task's current scheduling flags which are
expressed in hexadecimal notation and with zeros suppressed.
These flags are officially documented in <linux/sched.h>.
Less formal documentation can also be found on the 'Fields select'
and 'Order fields' screens.

.\" ......................................................................
.SS 2b. SELECTING and ORDERING Columns
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
After pressing the \*(CIs 'f' (Fields select) or \'o' (Order fields) you will
be shown a screen containing the current \fBfields string\fR followed by names
and descriptions for all fields.

Here is a sample\fB fields string\fR from one of \*(Me's four windows/field
groups and an explanation of the conventions used:
.Jbu
Sample fields string:
   \fIANOPQRSTUVXbcdefgjlmyzWHIK\fR
.Jbu
The order of displayed fields corresponds to the order of the letters
in that string.
.Jbu
If the letter is\fI upper case\fR the corresponding field itself will
then be shown as part of the \*(TD (screen width permitting).
This will also be indicated by a leading \*(AS, as in this excerpt:
    \fR...
    \fB* K: %CPU       = CPU usage
    \fR  l: TIME       = CPU Time
    \fR  m: TIME+      = CPU Time, hundredths
    \fB* N: %MEM       = Memory usage (RES)
    \fB* O: VIRT       = Virtual Image (kb)
    \fR...

.TP
.B Fields select\fR screen \*(EM the 'f' \*(CI
You\fI toggle\fR the\fB display\fR of a field by simply pressing the
corresponding letter.

.TP
.B Order fields\fR screen \*(EM the 'o' \*(CI
You\fI move\fR a field to the\fB left\fR by pressing the corresponding\fB
upper case\fR letter and to the\fB right\fR with the\fB lower case\fR
letter.

.\" ......................................................................
.SS 2c. SUMMARY Area Fields
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
The summary area fields describing CPU statistics are abbreviated.  They provide
information about times spent in:
  \fR  us = user mode
  \fR  sy = system mode
  \fR  ni = low priority user mode (nice)
  \fR  id = idle task
  \fR  wa = I/O waiting
  \fR  hi = servicing IRQs
  \fR  si = servicing soft IRQs
  \fR  st = steal (time given to other DomU instances) 


.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.SH 3. INTERACTIVE Commands
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Listed below is a brief index of commands within categories.
Some commands appear more than once \*(EM their meaning or scope may vary
depending on the context in which they are issued.

  3a.\fI GLOBAL_Commands\fR
        <Ret/Sp> ?, =, A, B, d, G, h, I, k, q, r, s, W, Z
  3b.\fI SUMMARY_Area_Commands\fR
        l, m, t, 1
  3c.\fI TASK_Area_Commands\fR
        Appearance:  b, x, y, z
        Content:     c, f, H, o, S, u
        Size:        #, i, n
        Sorting:     <, >, F, O, R
  3d.\fI COLOR_Mapping\fR
        <Ret>, a, B, b, H, M, q, S, T, w, z, 0 - 7
  4b.\fI COMMANDS_for_Windows\fR
        -, _, =, +, A, a, G, g, w

.\" ......................................................................
.SS 3a. GLOBAL Commands
The global \*(CIs are\fB always\fR available\fR in both \*(FM and \*(AM.
However, some of these \*(CIs are\fB not available\fR when running
in 'Secure mode'.

If you wish to know in advance whether or not your \*(Me has been secured,
simply ask for help and view the system summary on the second line.

.TP 7
\ \ \<\fBEnter\fR> or <\fBSpace\fR> :\fIRefresh_Display\fR
These commands do nothing, they are simply ignored.
However, they will awaken \*(Me and following receipt of any input
the entire display will be repainted.

Use either of these keys if you have a large delay interval and wish to
see current status,

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fB?\fR\' or \'\fBh\fR\' :\fIHelp\fR
There are two help levels available.
The first will provide a reminder of all the basic \*(CIs.
If \*(Me is\fI secured\fR, that screen will be abbreviated.

Typing 'h' or '?' on that help screen will take you to help for those \*(CIs
applicable to \*(AM.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fB=\fR\' :\fIExit_Task_Limits\fR
Removes restrictions on which tasks are shown.
This command will reverse any 'i' (idle tasks) and 'n' (max tasks) commands
that might be active.
It also provides for an 'exit' from PID monitoring.
See the '-p' \*(CO for a discussion of PID monitoring.

When operating in \*(AM this command has a slightly broader meaning.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBA\fR\' :\fIAlternate_Display_Mode_toggle\fR
This command will switch between \*(FM and \*(AM.
\*(XT 4. ALTERNATE\-DISPLAY Mode and the 'G' \*(CI for insight into
\*(CWs and field groups.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBB\fR\' :\fIBold_Disable/Enable_toggle\fR
This command will influence use of the 'bold' terminfo capability and
alters\fB both\fR the \*(SA and \*(TA for the \*(CW.
While it is intended primarily for use with dumb terminals, it can be
applied anytime.

\*(NT When this toggle is \*O and \*(Me is operating in monochrome mode,
the\fB entire display\fR will appear as normal text.
Thus, unless the 'x' and/or 'y' toggles are using reverse for emphasis,
there will be no visual confirmation that they are even on.

.TP 7
*\ \'\fBd\fR\' or \'\fBs\fR\' :\fIChange_Delay_Time_interval\fR
You will be prompted to enter the delay time, in seconds, between
display updates.

Fractional seconds are honored, but a negative number is not allowed.
Entering 0 causes (nearly) continuous updates, with an unsatisfactory
display as the system and tty driver try to keep up with \*(Me's demands.
The delay value is inversely proportional to system loading,
so set it with care.

If at any time you wish to know the current delay time, simply ask for help
and view the system summary on the second line.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBG\fR\' :\fIChoose_Another_Window/Field_Group\fR
You will be prompted to enter a number between 1 and 4 designating the
window/field group which should be made the \*(CW.
You will soon grow comfortable with these 4 windows, especially after
experimenting with \*(AM.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBI\fR\' :\fIIrix/Solaris_Mode_toggle\fR
When operating in 'Solaris mode' ('I' toggled \*F), a task's \*(Pu usage
will be divided by the total number of \*(PUs.
After issuing this command, you'll be informed of the new state of this toggle.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBu\fR\' :\fIselect a user\fR
You will be prompted for a UID or username. Only processes
belonging to the selected user will be displayed. This option
matches on the effective UID.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBU\fR\' :\fIselect a user\fR
You will be prompted for a UID or username. Only processes
belonging to the selected user will be displayed. This option
matches on the real, effective, saved, and filesystem UID.

.TP 7
*\ \'\fBk\fR\' :\fIKill_a_task\fR
You will be prompted for a PID and then the signal to send.
The default signal, as reflected in the prompt, is SIGTERM.
However, you can send any signal, via number or name.

If you wish to abort the kill process, do one of the following
depending on your progress:
   1) at the pid prompt, just press <Enter>
   2) at the signal prompt, type 0

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBq\fR\' :\fIQuit\fR

.TP 7
*\ \'\fBr\fR\' :\fIRenice_a_Task\fR
You will be prompted for a PID and then the value to nice it to.
Entering a positive value will cause a process to lose priority.
Conversely, a negative value will cause a process to be viewed more
favorably by the kernel.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBW\fR\' :\fIWrite_the_Configuration_File\fR
This will save all of your options and toggles plus the current
display mode and delay time.
By issuing this command just before quitting \*(Me, you will be able restart
later in exactly that same state.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBZ\fR\' :\fIChange_Color_Mapping
This key will take you to a separate screen where you can change the
colors for the \*(CW, or for all windows.
For details regarding this \*(CI \*(Xt 3d. COLOR Mapping.

.IP "*" 3
The commands shown with an \*(AS are not available in 'Secure mode',
nor will they be shown on the level-1 help screen.

.\" ......................................................................
.SS 3b. SUMMARY Area Commands
The \*(SA \*(CIs are\fB always available\fR in both \*(FM and \*(AM.
They affect the beginning lines of your display and will determine the position
of messages and prompts.

These commands always impact just the \*(CW/field group.
\*(XT 4. ALTERNATE\-DISPLAY Mode and the 'G' \*(CI for insight into
\*(CWs and field groups.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBl\fR\' :\fIToggle_Load_Average/Uptime\fR \*(EM On/Off
This is also the line containing the program name (possibly an alias) when
operating in \*(FM or the \*(CW name when operating in \*(AM.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBm\fR\' :\fIToggle_Memory/Swap_Usage\fR \*(EM On/Off
This command affects two \*(SA lines.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBt\fR\' :\fIToggle_Task/Cpu_States\fR \*(EM On/Off
This command affects from 2 to many \*(SA lines, depending on the state
of the '1' toggle and whether or not \*(Me is running under true SMP.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fB1\fR\' :\fIToggle_Single/Separate_Cpu_States\fR \*(EM On/Off
This command affects how the 't' command's Cpu States portion is shown.
Although this toggle exists primarily to serve massively-parallel SMP machines,
it is not restricted to solely SMP environments.

When you see 'Cpu(s):' in the \*(SA, the '1' toggle is \*O and all
\*(Pu information is gathered in a single line.
Otherwise, each \*(Pu is displayed separately as: 'Cpu0, Cpu1, ...'

.PP
\*(NT If the entire \*(SA has been toggled \*F for any window, you would be left
with just the\fB message line\fR.
In that way, you will have maximized available task rows but (temporarily)
sacrificed the program name in \*(FM or the \*(CW name when in \*(AM.

.\" ......................................................................
.SS 3c. TASK Area Commands
The \*(TA \*(CIs are\fB always\fR available in \*(FM.

The \*(TA \*(CIs are\fB never available\fR in \*(AM\fI if\fR the \*(CW's
\*(TD has been toggled \*F (\*(Xt 4. ALTERNATE\-DISPLAY Mode).

.PP
.\" .........................
.B APPEARANCE\fR of \*(TW
.br
.in +2
The following commands will also be influenced by the state of the
global 'B' (bold disable) toggle.
.in

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBb\fR\' :\fIBold/Reverse_toggle\fR
This command will impact how the 'x' and 'y' toggles are displayed.
Further, it will only be available when at least one of those toggles is \*O.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBx\fR\' :\fIColumn_Highlight_toggle\fR
Changes highlighting for the current sort field.
You probably don't need a constant visual reminder of the sort field and
\*(Me hopes that you always run with 'column highlight' \*F, due to the cost
in path-length.

If you forget which field is being sorted this command can serve as a quick
visual reminder.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBy\fR\' :\fIRow_Highlight_toggle\fR
Changes highlighting for "running" tasks.
For additional insight into this task state, \*(Xt 2a. DESCRIPTIONS of Fields,
Process Status.

Use of this provision provides important insight into your system's health.
The only costs will be a few additional tty escape sequences.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBz\fR\' :\fIColor/Monochrome_toggle\fR
Switches the \*(CW between your last used color scheme and the older form
of black-on-white or white-on-black.
This command will alter\fB both\fR the \*(SA and \*(TA but does not affect the
state of the 'x', 'y' or 'b' toggles.

.PP
.\" .........................
.B CONTENT\fR of \*(TW
.PD 0
.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBc\fR\' :\fICommand_Line/Program_Name_toggle\fR
This command will be honored whether or not the 'Command' column
is currently visible.
Later, should that field come into view, the change you applied will be seen.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBf\fR\' and \'\fBo\fR\' :\fIFields_select\fR or \fIOrder_fields\fR
These keys display separate screens where you can change which
fields are displayed and their order.
For additional information on these \*(CIs
\*(Xt 2b. SELECTING and ORDERING Columns.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBH\fR\' :\fIThreads_toggle\fR
When this toggle is \*O, all individual threads will be displayed.  Otherwise, \*(Me displays a summation of all threads in a process.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBS\fR\' :\fICumulative_Time_Mode_toggle\fR
When 'Cumulative mode' is \*O, each process is listed with the \*(Pu
time that it and its dead children have used.

When \*F, programs that fork into many separate tasks will appear
less demanding.
For programs like 'init' or a shell this is appropriate but for others,
like compilers, perhaps not.
Experiment with two \*(TWs sharing the same sort field but with different 'S'
states and see which representation you prefer.

After issuing this command, you'll be informed of the new state of this toggle.
If you wish to know in advance whether or not 'Cumulative mode' is in
effect, simply ask for help and view the window summary on the second line.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBu\fR\' :\fIShow_Specific_User_Only\fR
You will be prompted to enter the name of the user to display.
Thereafter, in that \*(TW only matching User ID's will be shown, or possibly
no tasks will be shown.

Later, if you wish to monitor all tasks again, re-issue this command but
just press <Enter> at the prompt, without providing a name.

.PP
.\" .........................
.B SIZE\fR of \*(TW
.PD 0
.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBi\fR\' :\fIIdle_Processes_toggle\fR
Displays all tasks or just active tasks.
When this toggle is \*F, idled or zombied processes will not be displayed.

If this command is applied to the last \*(TD when in \*(AM, then it will not
affect the window's size, as all prior \*(TDs will have already been painted.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBn\fR\' or \'#\' :\fISet_Maximum_Tasks\fR
You will be prompted to enter the number of tasks to display.
The lessor of your number and available screen rows will be used.

When used in \*(AM, this is the command that gives you precise control over
the size of each currently visible \*(TD, except for the very last.
It will not affect the last window's size, as all prior \*(TDs will have
already been painted.

\*(NT If you wish to increase the size of the last visible \*(TD when in \*(AM,
simply decrease the size of the \*(TD(s) above it.

.PP
.\" .........................
.B SORTING\fR of \*(TW
.br
.in +2
For compatibility, this \*(Me supports most of the former \*(Me sort keys.
Since this is primarily a service to former \*(Me users, these commands do
not appear on any help screen.
   command   sorted field                  supported
     A         start time (non-display)      No
     M         %MEM                          Yes
     N         PID                           Yes
     P         %CPU                          Yes
     T         TIME+                         Yes

Before using any of the following sort provisions, \*(Me suggests that you
temporarily turn on column highlighting using the 'x' \*(CI.
That will help ensure that the actual sort environment matches your intent.

The following \*(CIs will\fB only\fR be honored when the
current sort field is\fB visible\fR.
The sort field might\fI not\fR be visible because:
     1) there is insufficient\fI Screen Width\fR
     2) the 'f' \*(CI turned it \*F
.in

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fB<\fR\' :\fIMove_Sort_Field_Left\fR
Moves the sort column to the left unless the current sort field is
the first field being displayed.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fB>\fR\' :\fIMove_Sort_Field_Right\fR
Moves the sort column to the right unless the current sort field is
the last field being displayed.

.PP
.in +2
The following \*(CIs will\fB always\fR be honored whether or not
the current sort field is visible.
.in

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBF\fR\' or \'\fBO\fR\' :\fISelect_Sort_Field\fR
These keys display a separate screen where you can change which field
is used as the sort column.

If a field is selected which was not previously being displayed, it will
be forced \*O when you return to the \*(Me display.
However, depending upon your screen width and the order of your fields,
this sort field may not be displayable.

This \*(CI can be a convenient way to simply verify the current sort field,
when running \*(Me with column highlighting turned \*F.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBR\fR\' :\fIReverse/Normal_Sort_Field_toggle\fR
Using this \*(CI you can alternate between high-to-low and low-to-high sorts.

.PP
.in +2
\*(NT Field sorting uses internal values, not those in column display.
Thus, the TTY and WCHAN fields will violate strict ASCII collating sequence.
.in

.\" ......................................................................
.SS 3d. COLOR Mapping
When you issue the 'Z' \*(CI, you will be presented with a separate screen.
That screen can be used to change the colors in just the \*(CW or
in all four windows before returning to the \*(Me display.

.P
.B Available \*(CIs
    \fB4\fR upper case letters to select a\fB target\fR
    \fB8\fR numbers to select a\fB color\fR
    normal toggles available\fR
        'B'       :bold disable/enable
        'b'       :running tasks "bold"/reverse
        'z'       :color/mono
    other commands available\fR
        'a'/'w'   :apply, then go to next/prior
        <Enter>   :apply and exit
        'q'       :abandon current changes and exit

If your use 'a' or 'w' to cycle the targeted window, you will
have applied the color scheme that was displayed when you left that window.
You can, of course, easily return to any window and reapply different
colors or turn colors \*F completely with the 'z' toggle.

The Color Mapping screen can also be used to change the \*(CW/field group
in either \*(FM or \*(AM.
Whatever was targeted when 'q' or <Enter> was pressed will be made current
as you return to the \*(Me display.


.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.SH 4. ALTERNATE\-DISPLAY Mode
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.\" ......................................................................
.SS 4a. WINDOWS Overview
.TP
.B Field Groups/Windows\fR:
.br
In \*(FM there is a single window represented by the entire screen.
That single window can still be changed to display 1 of 4 different\fB field
groups\fR (\*(Xc 'G' \*(CI, repeated below).
Each of the 4 field groups has a unique separately configurable\fB \*(SA\fR
and its own configurable\fB \*(TA\fR.

In \*(AM, those 4 underlying field groups can now be made visible
simultaneously, or can be turned \*F individually at your command.

The \*(SA will always exist, even if it's only the message line.
At any given time only\fI one\fR \*(SA can be displayed.
However, depending on your commands, there could be from\fI zero\fR
to\fI four\fR separate \*(TDs currently showing on the screen.

.TP
.B Current Window\fR:
.br
The \*(CW is the window associated with the \*(SA and the window to which
task related commands are always directed.
Since in \*(AM you can toggle the \*(TD \*F, some commands might be
restricted for the \*(CW.

A further complication arises when you have toggled the first \*(SA
line \*F.
With the loss of the window name (the 'l' toggled line), you'll not easily
know what window is the \*(CW.

.\" ......................................................................
.SS 4b. COMMANDS for Windows
.TP 7
\ \ \'\fB-\fR\' and \'\fB_\fR\' :\fIShow/Hide_Window(s)_toggles\fR
The '-' key turns the \*(CW's \*(TD \*O and \*F.
When \*O, that \*(TA will show a minimum of the columns header you've
established with the 'f' and 'o' commands.
It will also reflect any other \*(TA options/toggles you've applied yielding
zero or more tasks.

The '_' key does the same for all \*(TDs.
In other words, it switches between the currently visible \*(TD(s) and any
\*(TD(s) you had toggled \*F.
If all 4 \*(TDs are currently visible, this \*(CI will leave the \*(SA
as the only display element.

.TP 7
*\ \'\fB=\fR\' and \'\fB+\fR\' :\fIEqualize_(re-balance)_Window(s)\fR
The '=' key forces the \*(CW's \*(TD to be visible.
It also reverses any 'i' (idle tasks) and 'n' (max tasks) commands that might
be active.

The '+' key does the same for all windows.
The four \*(TDs will reappear, evenly balanced.
They will also have retained any customizations you had previously applied,
except for the 'i' (idle tasks) and 'n' (max tasks) commands.

.TP 7
*\ \'\fBA\fR\' :\fIAlternate_Display_Mode_toggle\fR
This command will switch between \*(FM and \*(AM.

The first time you issue this command, all four \*(TDs will be shown.
Thereafter when you switch modes, you will see only the \*(TD(s) you've
chosen to make visible.

.TP 7
*\ \'\fBa\fR\' and \'\fBw\fR\' :\fINext_Window_Forward/Backward\fR
This will change the \*(CW, which in turn changes the window to which
commands are directed.
These keys act in a circular fashion so you can reach any desired \*(CW
using either key.

Assuming the window name is visible (you have not toggled 'l' \*F),
whenever the \*(CW name loses its emphasis/color, that's a reminder
the \*(TD is \*F and many commands will be restricted.

.TP 7
*\ \'\fBG\fR\' :\fIChoose_Another_Window/Field_Group\fR
You will be prompted to enter a number between 1 and 4 designating the
window/field group which should be made the \*(CW.

In \*(FM, this command is necessary to alter the \*(CW.
In \*(AM, it is simply a less convenient alternative to the 'a' and 'w'
commands.

.TP 7
\ \ \'\fBg\fR\' :\fIChange_Window/Field_Group_Name\fR
You will be prompted for a new name to be applied to the \*(CW.
It does not require that the window name be visible
(the 'l' toggle to be \*O).

.IP "*" 3
The \*(CIs shown with an \*(AS have use beyond \*(AM.
    \'=', 'A', 'G'  are always available
    \'a', 'w'       act the same when color mapping


.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.SH 5. FILES
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.\" ......................................................................
.SS 5a. SYSTEM Configuration File
The presence of this file will influence which version of the 'help' screen
is shown to an ordinary user.
More importantly, it will limit what ordinary users are allowed
to do when \*(Me is running.
They will not be able to issue the following commands.
   k         Kill a task
   r         Renice a task
   d or s    Change delay/sleep interval

The system \*(CF is\fB not\fR created by \*(Me.
Rather, you create this file manually and place it in the \fI/etc\fR
directory.
Its name must be 'toprc' and must have no leading '.' (period).
It must have only two lines.

Here is an example of the contents of\fI /etc/toprc\fR:
   s         # line 1: 'secure' mode switch
   5.0       # line 2: 'delay'\ \ interval in seconds

.\" ......................................................................
.SS 5b. PERSONAL Configuration File
This file is written as '$HOME/.your-name-4-top' + 'rc'.
Use the 'W' \*(CI to create it or update it.

Here is the general layout:
   global    # line 1: the program name/alias notation
     "       # line 2: id,altscr,irixps,delay,curwin
   per ea    # line a: winname,fieldscur
   window    # line b: winflags,sortindx,maxtasks
     "       # line c: summclr,msgsclr,headclr,taskclr

If the $HOME variable is not present, \*(Me will try to write the
personal \*(CF to the current directory, subject to permissions.


.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.SH 6. STUPID TRICKS Sampler
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Many of these 'tricks' work best when you give \*(Me a scheduling boost.
So plan on starting him with a nice value of -10, assuming you've got
the authority.

.\" ......................................................................
.SS 6a. Kernel Magic
.\" sorry, just can't help it -- don't ya love the sound of this?
For these stupid tricks, \*(Me needs \*(FM.
.\" ( apparently AM static was a potential concern )

.New
The user interface, through prompts and help, intentionally implies
that the delay interval is limited to tenths of a second.
However, you're free to set any desired delay.
If you want to see Linux at his scheduling best, try a delay of .09
seconds or less.

For this experiment, under x-windows open an xterm and maximize it.
Then do the following:
  . provide a scheduling boost and tiny delay via:
      nice -n -10 top -d.09
  . keep sorted column highlighting \*F to minimize
    path length
  . turn \*O reverse row highlighting for emphasis
  . try various sort columns (TIME/MEM work well),
    and normal or reverse sorts to bring the most
    active processes into view

What you'll see is a very busy Linux doing what he's always done for you,
but there was no program available to illustrate this.

.New
Under an xterm using 'white-on-black' colors, try setting \*(Me's task color
to black and be sure that task highlighting is set to bold, not reverse.
Then set the delay interval to around .3 seconds.

After bringing the most active processes into view, what you'll see are
the ghostly images of just the currently running tasks.

.New
Delete the existing rcfile, or create a new symlink.
Start this new version then type 'T' (a secret key, \*(Xt 3c. TASK Area
Commands, Sorting) followed by 'W' and 'q'.
Finally, restart the program with -d0 (zero delay).

Your display will be refreshed at three times the rate of the former \*(Me,
a 300% speed advantage.
As \*(Me climbs the TIME ladder, be as patient as you can while speculating
on whether or not \*(Me will ever reach the \*(Me.

.\" ......................................................................
.SS 6b. Bouncing Windows
For these stupid tricks, \*(Me needs \*(AM.

.New
With 3 or 4 \*(TDs visible, pick any window other than the last
and turn idle processes \*F.
Depending on where you applied 'i', sometimes several \*(TDs are bouncing and
sometimes it's like an accordion, as \*(Me tries his best to allocate space.

.New
Set each window's summary lines differently: one with no memory; another with
no states; maybe one with nothing at all, just the message line.
Then hold down 'a' or 'w' and watch a variation on bouncing windows \*(EM
hopping windows.

.New
Display all 4 windows and for each, in turn, set idle processes to \*F.
You've just entered the "extreme bounce" zone.

.\" ......................................................................
.SS 6c. The Big Bird Window
This stupid trick also requires \*(AM.

.New
Display all 4 windows and make sure that 1:Def is the \*(CW.
Then, keep increasing window size until the all the other \*(TDs
are "pushed out of the nest".

When they've all been displaced, toggle between all visible/invisible windows.
Then ponder this:
.br
   is \*(Me fibbing or telling honestly your imposed truth?


.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.SH 7. BUGS
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Send bug reports to:
   Albert D\. Cahalan, <albert@users.sf.net>

The top command calculates Cpu(s) by looking at the change in CPU time values
between samples. When you first run it, it has no previous sample to compare
to, so these initial values are the percentages since boot. It means you need
at least two loops or you have to ignore summary output from the first loop.
This is problem for example for batch mode. There is a possible workaround if
you define the CPULOOP=1 environment variable. The top command will be run one
extra hidden loop for CPU data before standard output.

.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.SH 8. HISTORY Former top
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
The original top was written by Roger Binns,
based on Branko Lankester's <lankeste@fwi.uva.nl> ps program.

Robert Nation <nation@rocket.sanders.lockheed.com>
adapted it for the proc file system.

Helmut Geyer <Helmut.Geyer@iwr.uni-heidelberg.de>
added support for configurable fields.

Plus many other individuals contributed over the years.


.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.SH 9. AUTHOR
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
This entirely new and enhanced replacement was written by:
   Jim / James C. Warner, <warnerjc@worldnet.att.net>
.ig
   ( as a means to learn Linux, can you believe it? )
   ( & he accidentally learned a little groff, too! )
..

With invaluable help from:
   Albert D\. Cahalan, <albert@users.sf.net>
   Craig Small, <csmall@small.dropbear.id.au>

.ig
.rj 2
.B -*-\fR few though they are, some yet believe\fB -*-\fR
.B -*-\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\fRin-the-\fBart\fR-of-programming\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\fB-*-\fR
..

.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.SH 10. SEE ALSO
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.BR free (1),
.BR ps (1),
.BR uptime (1),
.BR atop (1),
.BR slabtop (1),
.BR vmstat (8),
.BR w (1).


.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.ig
.rj 1
\-*-
.PD
.in -3
Copyright (c) 2002 \*(EM JC Warner & Associates, Ltd.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Front-Cover Texts, no Back-Cover Texts, and with the following
Invariant Sections and any sub-sections therein:
.na
.hy 0
.in +3
STUPID\ TRICKS\ Sampler;
.br
AUTHOR
.in
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
\(dqGNU Free Documentation License\(dq.
..
.
.\" end: active doc ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
.\" ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

.ig
.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.SH GNU Free Documentation License
Version 1.1, March 2000

Copyright (C) 2000  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

.SS 0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.  Secondarily,
this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
modifications made by others.

This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;
it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

.SS 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
under the terms of this License.  The "Document", below, refers to any
such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a licensee, and is
addressed as "you".

A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.

A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
within that overall subject.  (For example, if the Document is in part a
textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
them.

The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License.

The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
the Document is released under this License.

A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage
subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.  A copy that is
not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
HTML designed for human modification.  Opaque formats include
PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only
by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
processing tools are not generally available, and the
machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output
purposes only.

The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in
formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

.SS 2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept
compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
you may publicly display copies.

.SS 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose
the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present
the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition.
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
as verbatim copying in other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete
Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the
general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
charge using public-standard network protocols.  If you use the latter
option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this
Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location
until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to
the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

.SS 4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

.HP 3
.B A\fR.\ Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should,
if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document).
You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
that version gives permission.
.HP 3
.B B\fR.\ List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version,
together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document
(all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).
.HP 3
.B C\fR.\ State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified
Version, as the publisher.
.HP 3
.B D\fR.\ Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
.HP 3
.B E\fR.\ Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent
to the other copyright notices.
.HP 3
.B F\fR.\ Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of
this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
.HP 3
.B G\fR.\ Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
.HP 3
.B H\fR.\ Include an unaltered copy of this License.
.HP 3
.B I\fR.\ Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to it
an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the
Modified Version as given on the Title Page.
If there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating
the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title
Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
previous sentence.
.HP 3
.B J\fR.\ Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network
locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on.
These may be placed in the "History" section.
You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four
years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
it refers to gives permission.
.HP 3
.B K\fR.\ In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", preserve
the section's title, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of
each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
.HP 3
.B L\fR.\ Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their
text and in their titles.
Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
.HP 3
.B M\fR.\ Delete any section entitled "Endorsements".
Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.
.HP 3
.B N\fR.\ Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to conflict
in title with any Invariant Section.

.PP
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of
Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already
includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

.SS 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
license notice.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History"
in the various original documents, forming one section entitled
"History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements",
and any sections entitled "Dedications".  You must delete all sections
entitled "Endorsements."

.SS 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

.SS 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version
of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the
compilation.  Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this
License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled
with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they
are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter
of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate.
Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.

.SS 8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
translation of this License provided that you also include the
original English version of this License.  In case of a disagreement
between the translation and the original English version of this
License, the original English version will prevail.

.SS 9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other attempt to
copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License.  However,
parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.

.SS 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

.SS ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and
license notices just after the title page:

.IP "" 3
Copyright (c)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the
terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version
published by the Free Software Foundation;\ \ with the Invariant Sections being
LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the
Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
Free Documentation License".

If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
instead of saying which ones are invariant.  If you have no
Front-Cover Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of
"Front-Cover Texts being LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
to permit their use in free software.

.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------------
.SH \fRend of\fB GNU Free Documentation License
.IP ""
.PP
..
.\" end: gfdl license ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
.\" ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
